Spawn

Spawning refers to the creation and placement of players and mobs in the Minecraft world.

Player spawning[]

World spawn[]

Spawning Area — World spawning area. White represents the extent of singleplayer, blue represents multiplayer, and yellow represents the world spawn point.

New players initially spawn within a small area surrounding the world spawn point when the server is not in Adventure mode. Upon death or return from the End dimension, the player respawns within this area unless the player's individual spawn point changed (by using a bed or respawn anchor, or the /spawnpoint command).

This area is 21×21 blocks by default in Java Edition or 5×5 in Bedrock Edition, but can be changed by the spawnRadius gamerule in both single and multiplayer.

Bedrock Respawn Radius — Bedrock Edition's Respawn Radius setting interface.

When set to 0, the player spawns in the crosshair of four blocks. When set to 1, the player always spawns on the northwest of those four blocks. The maximum spawn radius is 99999999 but when rejoining the world, it resets to 128. However, on the discontinued "Old" world type, the maximum spawn radius is 256 instead.

Bedrock Edition's new Respawn Radius interface.

When the player first loads into the world or respawns, the game searches within the world spawn area and tries to place the player on a random grass block. Upon spawning, the player is placed on the highest valid spawn point block of the X and Z spawn coordinates, even if this would set the player above the maximum build height. However, if there are no valid spawn points but a grass block that was determined to be an invalid spawn point due to being blocked by a block above it (though the grass block would decay soon after), the game checks the closest two free spaces from below and the player spawns there. If there are absolutely no grass blocks, the player spawns directly at the world spawn point, which can even result in players spawning above the Void if there are no blocks at that location.

The world spawn point also determines the center of the permanently loaded spawn chunks.

The world spawn point itself can be changed using the /setworldspawn command.

Bedrock world spawn search[]

This section needs to be updated.

Please update this section to reflect recent updates or newly available information.
Reason: Spawn search rules have changed in 1.18; more biomes are available to spawn in.

In Bedrock Edition, when a player creates a new world, the world spawn point is restricted to specific biomes. The algorithm starts searching from coordinate 0,0, continuing outward until an acceptable biome is found for the world spawn point. Using add-ons, a rare biome can be designated to cause the player to spawn at a distant location, but the game crashes if the biome does not exist or cannot generate.

The algorithm searches for these biomes:

Plains
- At main plains biome
- Small islands in an ocean (islands are usually a plains biome)
- Patch of plains next to desert, badlands, or snowy plains
Forest
- At main forest biome
- Small islands in an ocean (islands can also be a forest biome)
Dark Forest
Taiga
- At main taiga biome
- Patch of taiga next to old growth pine taiga
- Near beach, snowy taiga, or windswept hills
Jungle
Savanna (only regular variants)

The player spawns within a 5-block radius of the point selected in the chosen biome, sometimes resulting in the player spawning outside the intended spawn biome, ending up in a beach, river, or swamp biome. It is also possible (but rare) for a player to spawn initially underwater and start drowning.^[1]

A search for a valid world spawn biome is not performed for Flat and Old world-types.

Adventure mode[]

When the server's settings specify the default game mode as Adventure (using the server.properties), then the normal spawning mechanic is ignored, and players are spawned directly on the world spawn point. This includes the X, Y, and Z coordinates, even if there is no block there, and even if there are blocks above it.

If the Y coordinate is not within a valid spawning area, then the server looks up until it finds one, up to a maximum of Y=256. If there is space to spawn, but it is in mid-air, the player spawns in mid-air, even falling into the Void if there is a hole.

Location[]

There are several ways to determine the world spawn point:

A compass (that hasn't been assigned to a lodestone) always points to the world spawn point.
Doing the commands /gamerule spawnRadius 0 then /kill.
If commands are disabled, remove all the grass blocks in the 21×21 spawn area (or place a block above them to make them invalid), make sure the individual spawn point is disabled, and die.
Entities, other than players, falling into the exit portal in the End land exactly at the world spawn point. Items thrown in mark the spot in the Overworld. Players spawn like they normally do, allowing this action to be used to perform the above without dying, and thus can be performed in hardcore mode.
Mods or external programs, such as NBTExplorer or MCEdit, can also be used to find and set the world spawn point.

Individual spawn[]

The individual spawn point of the player can be changed by sleeping in a bed, using a respawn anchor, or using the /setworldspawn or /spawnpoint command. If the individual spawning area of the player is obstructed upon death, the player respawns at the world spawn.

Sleeping in a bed allows for leniency in obstruction, in that the player respawns on other blocks near the bed if the original point becomes blocked. The same is true for the respawn anchor. If the spawn point set via /setworldspawn or /spawnpoint becomes obstructed, the player is not given this leniency in respawning.

Natural generation[]

Animals[]

CowInATree — A cow that generated with the map inside a tree's leaves and could not escape, a common sight in forested hill areas.

In Java Edition many animals generate upon initial chunk creation. These spawns occur only once per chunk. They are not affected by the /gamerule doMobSpawning command.

One in ten newly-generated chunks attempts to generate animal mobs, usually in packs of up to 4 of the same species. The spawn attempt always starts on top of the highest available block in a randomly chosen column within the chunk. The chosen position must not be a solid block for the animals to generate. Once the starting position is chosen for a chunk, a second position is chosen in a 9×9 block area around the starting position. Blocks toward the center of the 9x9 area are more likely to be chosen than blocks toward the edge. The block does not need to be a grass block nor does it need to be illuminated as it does with mob spawning. If an animal can spawn at the second position, it does so. The second position becomes the first position, and a new second position is chosen like before in a 9x9 area. This process can repeat until each chunk has attempted to spawn 1–4 mobs.

In Bedrock Edition animals do not spawn during chunk generation, but they continually attempt to spawn everywhere as part of the environmental spawning algorithm, according to their spawn weights, biome tags, and block requirements (see Bedrock Edition under Spawn Cycle, below).

There are 2 types of animals: common animals and biome-specific animals.

Common animals

Common animal mobs do not spawn in desert, badlands, beach, snowy plains, river, ocean, or mushroom fields biomes.

Mobs	Weight	Group size
Sheep	6	4
Chicken	5	4
Pig	5	4
Cow	4	4

Biome-specific animals

Some animal mobs spawn only in specific biomes.^{[more information needed]}

Mobs	Biome	Weight
Axolotl	Lush Caves	4
Cod	Ocean Lukewarm Ocean Cold Ocean Frozen Ocean	75
Dolphin	Ocean Warm Ocean Lukewarm Ocean Cold Ocean	7
Donkey	Plains	1
Frog	Swamp Mangrove Swamp	2 to 5 in swamps and mangrove swamps
Fox	Taiga Snowy Taiga Old Growth Pine Taiga	8
Glow Squid	Ocean^{[more information needed]}	2-4
Goat	Frozen Peaks Jagged Peaks Snowy Slopes	3
Hoglin‌^{[BE only]}	Crimson Forest	20
Horse	Savanna Plains	4 in plains 1 in savanna
Llama	Savanna Windswept Hills	8 in savanna 5 in windswept hills
Mooshroom	Mushroom Fields	8
Ocelot Parrot	Jungle Bamboo Jungle	30 for ocelots 40 for parrots
Panda	Jungle Bamboo Jungle	10 in regular jungle 40 in bamboo jungle
Polar Bear	Snowy Plains Frozen Ocean Frozen River	1 (5 in Frozen Oceans)
Pufferfish Tropical Fish	Warm Ocean Lukewarm Ocean Deep Lukewarm Ocean	25 for pufferfish 75 for tropical fish
Rabbit	Desert Taiga Old Growth Pine Taiga Snowy Taiga Snowy Plains Frozen Ocean Frozen River Snowy Beach Legacy Frozen Ocean Flower Forest	4 (20 in flower forests)
Salmon	River Cold Ocean Frozen Ocean Lukewarm Ocean	26 in oceans 16 in rivers
Squid	Ocean River	8
Strider	Nether Wastes Crimson Forest Soul Sand Valley Basalt Deltas Warped Forest	20
Turtle	Beach	8
Wolf	Taiga (all variants) Forest (all variants) Windswept Hills (all variants)	8 in taigas 5 in forests and windswept hills

Randomness for animal spawning is derived from the world seed, which means that worlds with the same seed always generate chunks with the same animals in the same places.

Monsters[]

Monsters cannot spawn when the difficulty is set to Peaceful (except piglin‌^{[BE only]} and hoglin). At any higher setting they spawn when block light level is 0. The player cannot sleep when a monster (other than hoglin; and in Java Edition, also include slime, magma cube and non-hostile zombified piglin) is nearby, even if the monster has no path to the player.

Common monsters

Common monster mobs can spawn in almost any biome in the Overworld (except for mushroom fields or deep dark). They can spawn on the surface and underground. The weight determines the spawn rate in the Bedrock Codebase.

Mobs	Weight	Group size
Zombie	100	2-4
Creeper	100	Individually
Skeleton	80	1-2
Spider	100	Individually
Enderman	10	1-2
Witch	5	Individually
Spider Jockey	1	Individually
Chicken Jockey	0.25	Individually

Biome-specific monsters

Some monsters spawn only in specific biomes.

Mobs	Biome
Drowned	Ocean (all variants) River (all variants) Dripstone Caves
Ghast	Nether Wastes Soul Sand Valley Basalt Deltas
Hoglin‌^{[JE only]}	Crimson Forest
Husk	Desert (all variants)
Magma Cube	Nether Wastes Basalt Deltas
Slime	Swamp
Stray	Snowy Plains Ice Spikes Frozen River Frozen Ocean (all variants)
Piglin Zombified Piglin Zombified Chicken Jockey	Nether Wastes Crimson Forest

Other mobs[]

In Java Edition these mobs still spawn if the /gamerule doMobSpawning command is set to false, because they spawn as part of structure generation. In Bedrock Edition nothing spawns if the /gamerule doMobSpawning command is set to false.

Animal mobs

Mob	Structure generation
Black Cat	A single cat spawns within or around a Swamp Hut upon generation.
Cat Cow Horse Pig Sheep	Generate as part of the Village generation. Specific animals spawn as part of specific village structures: Animal pens (cow, sheep, pig, or horse), stables (horse, cow, or pig), butcher's houses (pig, cow, or sheep), and shepherd's houses (sheep).

Monster mobs

Mob	Structure generation
Drowned	Generate as part of some underwater ruins.‌^{[JE only]}
Elder Guardian Guardian	Generate as part of a single Ocean Monument.
Ender Dragon	Created in The End when the dimension is created. The ender dragon can also be respawned by placing end crystals on the exit portal.
Evoker Vindicator	Generate as part of woodland mansion.
Pillager	Spawn from pillager outposts.
Shulker	Generate as part of end cities.
Witch	A single witch spawns within a Swamp Hut upon generation.
Zombie Villager	Generate as a part of an igloo if it generates with a basement. Can spawn as part of zombie village generation, where they never despawn naturally.

Other mobs

Mob	Structure generation
Iron Golem	Spawn from pillager outposts.
Iron Golem Villager	Generate as part of the village generation. Each villager spawns in a house with a bed, and an iron golem spawns as part of meeting points.
Villager	Generate as a part of an igloo if it generates with a basement. Can spawn as part of zombie village generation, where they never despawn naturally.

Spawn cycle[]

Java Edition[]

Mobs are broadly divided into seven categories: hostile, passive, water creature (squids and dolphins), underground water creature (glow squids), axolotls, water ambient (all 4 types of fish), and ambient (bat). Most mobs have a spawning cycle once every game tick (¹⁄₂₀ of a second), but passive mobs have only one spawning cycle every 400 game ticks (20 seconds). Because of this, where conditions permit, hostile mobs spawn frequently, but passive mobs (animals) spawn rarely. Most animals spawn within chunks when they are generated.

Mobs spawn naturally within chunks that have a player horizontally within 128 blocks of the chunk center. When there are multiple players, mobs can spawn within the given distance of any of them. However, hostile mobs (and some others) that move farther than 128 blocks from the nearest player despawn instantly, so the mob spawning area for such mobs is more-or-less limited to spheres with a radius of 128 blocks, centered at each player.

Java Edition mob cap[]

There are two caps, a global cap and a per-player cap. Note the spawn density mechanism may also be considered a "cap" of sorts, but takes effect later in the spawning process.

The mob caps are checked once for each spawn-eligible chunk. Spawn for the chunk may take the total number of mobs over the cap.

The caps for each mob category are as follows:

Monster = 70
Creature = 10
Ambient (bats) = 15
Axolotls = 5
Underground water creature (glow squids) = 5
Water creature (squids, dolphins) = 5
Water ambient (fish) = 20
Misc = -1

The "misc" category is used only by entities that are not mobs, do not spawn naturally, and/or following different spawning rules than other mobs. As such the mob cap has no bearing on mobs of this category.

Global mob cap

All non-persistent loaded mobs are counted against the global cap, including those in chunks not in range of a player or eligible for spawns.

The cap is scaled by the total number of chunks within a 17×17 chunk square around any player. The cap is then scaled as globalCap = mobCap × chunks ÷ 289.

Because chunks that are in the range of multiple players are counted once, more chunks and higher mob caps result from the players spreading out.

Per-player mob cap

Each non-persistent mob in a chunk that has its center within 128 blocks horizontally of a player is counted toward that player's per-player mob cap.

For each chunk, spawns are only allowed if at least one player has that chunk in range and has not reached their per-player mob cap.

Pack spawning[]

Spawning science — Example of a mob pack spawning. The mob spawning area is shaded blue. The yellow figures represent the actual positions that mobs could spawn in after checking the environment. Note that the mobs can spawn inside torch and ladder blocks. But they can't spawn on top of glass because it is not opaque. The red cube is the center of the pack.

Spawning requirements — Requirements for the spawning location of individual mobs.

For each spawning cycle, attempts are made to spawn packs of mobs per each eligible chunk. An eligible chunk is determined by the same check for which chunks are random ticked. A random location in the chunk is chosen to be the center point of the pack. If the block in which a pack spawn occurs is an opaque full cube, further pack spawn attempts are canceled. There are a maximum of 3 pack spawn attempts per mob category.

Before the attempt to spawn each mob in the pack, the position is offset by ±5 (triangular distribution) on the X and Z axes. Thus, while the pack can be spread out up to 40 blocks from the initial position for a pack size of 4, it's much more likely they'll be closer to the center. Approximately 85% of spawns are within 5 blocks of the pack center, and 99% within 10 blocks of the center. Mobs spawn with the lowest part of their body inside this area.

All mobs within a pack are the same species. The species for the entire pack is chosen randomly, but based on a weight system from those eligible to spawn at the location of the first spawn attempt in the pack. For later mob spawn attempts in the pack, if the selected species cannot spawn at the location (e.g. due to being in a different biome or structure) then that attempt fails.

The game checks on each spawn if the number of mobs that have been spawned for the pack is equal to the max spawn attempts, as well as the location's spawn potential.

Pack spawn size

Pack spawn attempts max out at:

8 Wolves, cod, and tropical fish
6 Horses and Donkeys
1 Ghast
4 for any other mob

When the max pack size is less than the number of possible spawn attempts, some spawns attempts fail, but are seen more commonly in practice. Based on the number of mobs that have been successfully spawned. If the max pack size is greater than the number of spawn attempts, one gets only the number of spawns from the spawn attempts. Some mobs have a minimum and max pack size, meaning there is an even chance for any number of spawn attempts between them occurring.

For zombie villagers, drowned, pillagers, donkeys in savanna biomes, parrots in jungles excluding bamboo jungle and jungle, cats in swamp huts and witches, it is 1.
For parrots in bamboo jungles and Jungle, polar bears, squids in lukewarm oceans, pandas and dolphins, it is 1-2.
For donkeys in plains biomes, ocelots and pufferfish, it is 1-3.
For endermen except in the End and in nether wastes, and squids except in lukewarm oceans, it is 1-4.
For rabbits and blazes, it is 2-3.
For guardians, foxes, zombified piglins in crimson forests and striders, it is 2-4.
For turtles, it is 2-5.
For horses, it is 2-6.
For piglins and hoglins in crimson forests, it is 3-4.
For Cod it is 3-6.
For llamas, it is 4-6.
For mooshrooms, it is 4-8.
For wither skeletons and skeletons, in nether fortresses, it is 5.
For bats and tropical fish, it is 8.
For every other mob, it is 4.

Pack spawn location

For all dimensions, structure-based spawns take priority over biome for hostile spawns. This means that in a swamp hut, pillager outpost, nether fortress (outer bounding box only when there is nether bricks below it‌^{[JE only]}), and ocean monument, one sees only the corresponding hostile mobs for that structure within that structure.

In the Overworld, this depends on the location:

Jungle biomes have a higher chance to spawn chickens.‌^{[Java Edition only]}
Badlands biomes spawn only hostile mobs and bats.
River and frozen river can spawn only drowned, squid, and salmon underwater.
Ocean biomes do not spawn passive mobs. They spawn drowned, and the other hostile mobs. Frozen oceans do not spawn dolphins, but do spawn polar bears.
Snowy Plains biomes do not spawn animals other than polar bears and rabbits.
Swamp huts spawn only witches, cats, and bats.
Ocean monuments spawn guardians, other water mobs and bats.
Pillager outposts spawn pillagers, other passive mobs and bats.
All other overworld biomes spawns common animals and common monsters, as well as slimes, dependent on spawn conditions.

In the Nether:

Skeletons, wither skeletons, magma cubes, zombified piglins, and blazes spawn within nether fortresses.
Ghasts spawn in nether wastes, soul sand valley and basalt deltas.
Zombified piglins and piglins can spawn in nether wastes, while magma cubes spawn primarily in basalt deltas and sometimes in nether wastes.
Ghasts, magma cubes and hoglins spawn regardless of light level.
Hoglins and piglins spawn at a higher rate anywhere in the crimson forest biome.
Endermen spawn more frequently in the warped forest biome, but not in the crimson forest.
Skeletons and ghasts spawn more frequently in the soul sand valley biome.

Spawn conditions[]

Whether a spawn condition fails differs from the above determination if the game tries to spawn them in that biome. For example, dolphins can have pack spawns that occur inside of frozen ocean and deep frozen ocean biomes, but no other biomes. These rules apply to variants of the same mob, such as baby zombies and spider jockeys.

Each individual spawn attempt succeeds only if all of the following conditions are met:

There must be no players or the world spawn point within a 24 radius block distance (spherical) of the spawning block
The number of loaded mobs of that type must be less than the mob cap for that type. (I.e. the corresponding mobcap must not be full)
The mob's collision box upon spawning must not collide with another collision box. A mob cannot spawn inside of anything that would collide with it upon spawning.
The mob's collision box must not intersect with a solid block.
For all mob types excluding passives and fish, spawns fail unless within a 128 radius block sphere around the player. For fish, spawns fail unless within a 64 block radius of the player. ^[2]
/gamerule doMobSpawning is true
For non-aquatic mobs, the spawning block and the block above that cannot be rails, powered rails, detector rails, activator rails, redstone power components, wither roses (except for wither skeletons) or sweet berry bushes (except for foxes).

Hostile mobs

The difficulty must not be Peaceful, excluding piglins and hoglins
This also affects ocelots^[3]
For all hostiles other than guardians, drowned, and phantoms:
- the block directly below it must have a solid, opaque, top surface (this includes upside down slabs, upside down stairs, and others) or be soul sand or a slime block.
- the block directly below it must not be bedrock, barrier, or‌ any type of trapdoor‌ or glass.
- The mob's collision box must not collide with any liquid.
- The block above the spawning block must be transparent
- The mob must be immune to the damaging effects of the spawning block and the block directly below it. For instance, if the block directly below the spawning block is a magma block, the mob must be immune to fire damage. If the spawning block contains a wither rose, the mob must be immune to wither damage. (Currently, this is only true for Wither Skeletons).

The basic rules for spawning are as follows:

In the Overworld, block light level must be 0 and sky light must be 7 or below (which it always is inside a cave).
In the Nether, block light level must be 11 or less. Sky light is always 0 in the Nether.
In the End, block light level must be 0. Sky light is always 0 in the End.

When doing the light check in the Overworld and End, the spawn chances are randomized and a spawn only occurs if the light level is less than or equal to a random number between 0 and 7. In the Nether, as long as the light level is below 11, the spawn is allowed.

Some mobs have some additional rules in addition to the ones above.

Mob	Rules
Blaze	Spawns only in Nether fortresses
Drowned	Spawning block and block below must be water In rivers, has ¹⁄₁₅ chance to spawn In oceans, has ¹⁄₄₀ chance to spawn and must be 5 block below sea level
Ghast	95% chance of spawn failure.
Guardian	The spawning block and the block below must be water, including waterlogged blocks and bubble columns. 95% chance of failure if the spawning block has sky exposure (details).
Hoglin	Cannot spawn on nether wart block
Husk	The location of the spawn must have sky access
Magma cube	Cannot spawn on liquid
Ocelot	Spawn has a ¹⁄₃ chance of failure Can spawn on leaves
Piglin	Cannot spawn on nether wart block
Skeleton (Nether fortress)	There is an 80% chance of spawning a wither skeleton instead^[verify]
Slime (swamp biome)	the spawning block must be in a swamp biome the spawning block be on level 51 through 69 inclusive chance of failure based on the phase of the moon 50% chance of failure
Slime (slime chunks)	the spawning block is below level 40. 90% chance of failure.
Stray	The location of the spawn must have sky access
Wither skeleton	Spawns only in Nether fortresses
Zombified piglin	Cannot spawn on nether wart block

Passive mobs

The mob's collision box must not collide with any liquid.
- if it is not a strider, the light level of the spawning block must be 9 or brighter.
  - If it is a mooshroom, then.....
    - the block directly below the spawning block must be mycelium.
  - If it is a turtle, then.....
    - the block directly below the spawning block must be sand.
    - the spawning block must be y-level 66 or lower.
  - If it is a parrot, then....
    - the block directly below the spawning block must either be grass block, leaves, log, or air.
  - If it is a rabbit, then....
    - the block directly below the spawning block must either be grass block, snow block, snow^[4], or sand.
  - If it is a wolf, then...
    - the block directly below the spawning block must either be grass block, snow block, or snow^[4].
  - If it is a fox, then...
    - the block directly below the spawning block must either be grass block, snow block, snow^[4], podzol, or coarse dirt.
  - If it is a polar bear spawning in a frozen ocean or deep frozen ocean biome, then...
    - the block directly below the spawning block must be ice.
  - If it is a goat, then...
    - the block directly below the spawning block must either be stone, snow block, snow^[4], packed ice, or gravel.
  - For all others then.....
    - the block directly below the spawning block must be a grass block.
- If it is a strider, then.....
  - Spawn attempts with lava above check upward as long as there is still lava for if they can successfully spawn in a lava block with air on top.
  - The spawning block must be at level 31 or lower.

Aquatic mobs

The spawning block must be water
- For cod, salmon, pufferfish, tropical fish, squid or dolphin:
  - the block directly below the spawning block must be water
  - the block directly above the spawning block must be water and cannot be waterlogged
  - the spawning block must be between level 50 and 63, inclusive. This does not apply to tropical fish spawning in lush caves
- If it is a glow squid, then...
  - the light level must be 0
  - the spawning block must be level 30 or lower
- If it is an axolotl, then...
  - the block directly above the spawning block must not be a solid block
  - the block directly below the spawning block must be clay

Ambient mobs

The mob's collision box must not collide with any liquid.
- If it is a bat, then...
  - the spawning block must be at level 62 or below.
  - the block directly below it must have a solid, opaque, top surface.
  - the block directly below it must not be bedrock, barrier, or‌ any type of trapdoor‌ or glass.
  - If the real-time day is between October 20 and November 3, then the light level must be 7 or darker. Otherwise, the light level must be 4 or darker.

If all of these conditions are met then the mob is spawned.

Spawn costs

Spawning potential as visualized with minecraft — Locations that do not have spawning potential reliant spawns are marked by wart blocks or netherrack

The warped forest and soul sand valley biomes introduced a new mechanic to limit the amount of mobs that naturally spawn in them. The spawn cost (also called spawn potential or spawn density) takes on a value for each block in the biome. Certain mobs increase that value by some number ("charge") divided by their distance to the block. If a new spawn attempt would bring the "potential" of the spawning block above a certain threshold, the spawn attempt is canceled. This results in mobs not spawning too close to one another in these biomes, and new spawns in the area are completely blocked long before the full mobcap of 70 hostile mobs is ever reached.

More specifically, a mob may be spawned at a location if sum( existing mob's charge ÷ distance to mob ) × new mob's charge < new mob's maximum potential. While the code allows for different mobs to have different charges and maximum potential, all checked mobs have the same charge and maximum potential within both the warped forest and the soul sand valley.

Which mobs contribute to the charge, how much they add, and what the maximum potential is are all biome-specific. Mobs carry charge according to their current biome, and affect spawning in an adjacent biome even if they would not contribute a charge if in that biome. For example, striders in a soul sand valley will affect enderman spawns in an adjacent warped forest, even though striders in the warped forest itself do not.

Due to the limited total number of mobs in soul sand valleys and warped forests, a larger-than-usual amount of mobs spawn in any space outside of these biomes, including in Nether fortresses.

Notes

Buildings surrounded by air spawn more mobs inside than underground rooms because packs that spawn outside of the building can spawn mobs inside it. The mob caps tend to be reached in seconds.
If the player's view distance or the server view distance in multiplayer is at 9 or below, mob spawning is severely reduced (or they despawn too quickly), and may result in the player encountering no mobs at all. Set the view distance to 10 or higher to ensure mobs spawn correctly.

Bedrock Edition[]

Environmental spawning in Bedrock Edition shares broad similarities to natural spawning in Java Edition: mobs spawn in a radius around the player subject to block conditions, lighting conditions, biome conditions, naturally generated structure conditions, and caps. Many mobs spawn in groups (called "packs" in Java and "herds" in Bedrock). One notable difference from Java Edition is that most animals can spawn at light level 7 or higher rather than 9 or higher.

There are two types of environmental spawns: cluster spawns and structure spawns. Structure spawns reproduce specific types of mobs at specific locations within certain naturally generated structures, such as nether fortresses, swamp huts, etc. Cluster spawns account for all other types of environmental spawns, including mobs that spawn individually (i.e. not in a herd of 2 or more). Both types of environmental spawns follow the same rules for spawn conditions and mob caps, except that structure spawns can exceed the monster population cap by 1 (see below).

Mob spawning in bedrock edition happens within a spherical shell 24-44 blocks away from the player on simulation distance 4. It happens a quasi-spherical shell 24-128 blocks away from the player, restricted by a simulation distance and/or to roughly 96 blocks horizontally, on simulation distances 6 and higher. This means that mobs can spawn directly above or below the player (for example, phantoms in the sky or zombies underground). Mobs can spawn only in chunks that are being ticked. There is a ¹¹⁄₂₀₀₀ chance of the mob spawning algorithm attempting to run per chunk, per tick.

Bedrock Edition mob cap[]

There are three mob caps that affect environmental spawning: a global mob cap, population control caps for general mob types, and density caps for specific mob types. The global mob cap is set at 200 regardless of difficulty. The global mob cap affects only environmental mob spawning, and does not affect mobs spawned through breeding, spawn eggs, the /summon command, monster spawners, or any other type of mob spawning. Chickens created by thrown or dispensed eggs are counted in the global mob cap. Only mobs that have spawn rules count toward the global cap (i.e. armor stands and minecarts do not take up cap space). In addition, mobs that are within ticking areas (both those around players and those set manually using the /tickingarea command) count toward the global mob cap; mobs not ticked do not count toward the global mob cap.

The population control caps limit how many mobs of each type and category can spawn within a 9 chunk by 9 chunk square region surrounding the chunk in which the spawn attempt is made. Mobs in chunks outside a ticking area still count toward population control counts as long as they were previously loaded (i.e. within simulation distance at some time) after relogging. The population control caps are split up into two distinct categories: a cap for surface mobs, and a cap for cave mobs. Cave mobs do not count toward the surface mob cap, and surface mobs do not count toward the cave mob cap. Whether a mob counts as a surface mob or a cave mob is determined by where or how it spawned, not where it happens to be at the moment. For cluster spawns, those that spawn on the highest spawnable block at a given coordinate count toward the surface cap, and any that spawn below the highest solid or non-solid but spawnable (e.g. ice or upper slab with air above) block count toward the cave cap. Structure-spawned mobs and converted mobs (i.e. drowned converted from zombies, witches from villagers, zombified piglins from pigs, and medium and small slimes from killed larger slimes) always count toward the cave cap, and monster-spawner-spawned mobs always count toward the surface cap.

There are five categories of mobs: ambient, animal, monster, pillager, and water_animal. The population control cap for each category and location of mob in each dimension is as follows (* denotes values that are coded in the game but not actually used by any mobs):

Population control caps
Category	Location	Overworld	Nether	The End
Ambient	Surface	0	0	0
Ambient	Cave	2	0	2*
Animal	Surface	4	0	4*
Animal	Cave	0	4	0
Monster	Surface	8	0	10
Monster	Cave	8	16	8*
Pillager	Surface	8	0	8*
Pillager	Cave	8	0	8*
Water_Animal	Surface	36	0	36*
Water_Animal	Cave	0	0	0

Some specific mobs types also have their own density caps. The density caps limit the number of those mobs to some amount below the applicable population control cap. Density caps are checked in the same manner as the population control caps. Caps are below (n/a indicates that the mob does not spawn in that environment at all).

Mob Density Caps
Mob	Surface cap	Cave cap
Cod	20	n/a
Creeper	5	unlimited (population control cap still applies)
Dolphin	5	n/a
Drowned	5 in ocean 2 in river	n/a
Ghast	n/a	2
Phantom	5	n/a
Pufferfish	3	n/a
Salmon	10 in ocean 4 in river	n/a
Squid	4 in ocean 2 in river	n/a
Tropical Fish	20 for preset pattern 20 for random pattern	n/a

Bedrock spawn conditions[]

The following rules apply to most mobs:

Mobs spawn at a distance from the player that depends on the world's simulation distance:
- Simulation distance 4: between 24 and 44 blocks spherical radius from the player.
- Simulation distance 6 and up: between 24 and 128 blocks spherical radius from the player, but limited horizontally by simulation distance and coding that restricts the spawning algorithm from running in chunks whose center exceeds 96 blocks from the player.^[5]
The bottom part of the mob (i.e. the feet of a standing mob, or the whole body of a mob <= 1 block tall) can spawn only in an air block, or for water mobs in a water block. A few naturally-generated, non-motion-blocking blocks such as grass and flowers are ignored for this rule.
There must be a block with a full, solid top surface under the spawn location for the mob to spawn on. (I.e. mobs cannot spawn on carpets, lower slabs, fences, right-side-up stairs, redstone repeaters, chests, etc.)
Mobs cannot spawn on transparent full blocks like glass and leaves.
For mobs that can spawn floating in water or flying in air, the block that is checked for spawning is the water or air block immediately above the first solid top surface block below the spot where the mob would spawn. (So for example, phantoms cannot spawn over a field covered in carpet, and fish cannot spawn in an ocean where bottom slabs cover the ocean floor.)
Most overworld monsters cannot spawn if the sky light level is greater than or equal to 7 or the block light level is greater than 0.
Most overworld animals cannot spawn if the (combined) light level is less than 7.

Cluster spawning[]

Cluster spawning happens in two stages: first attempt to spawn surface mobs, then attempt to spawn cave mobs. Before spawning, the population control cap is calculated based on the 9 chunk x 9 chunk square area surrounding the current chunk. Spawning begins by picking a random X and Z location within the chunk currently being evaluated. The Y coordinate is determined by starting at the world height and searching downward for a solid-top-surface block with a non-spawn-blocking block above it. The first such block that is found is considered to be the surface, and the algorithm attempts to spawn a surface mob herd. However, if the algorithm finds a solid block before finding a spawnable solid-top-block (e.g. if it finds a tree trunk directly under leaves), it does not make any surface spawn attempt. The algorithm then continues to search downward for the next suitable block with a non-spawn-blocking block above it. When a block meeting the criteria is found, the algorithm attempts to spawn a cave mob herd at that block location. Cave spawn attempts continue until the Y coordinate reaches the world bottom, and do not stop even if a cave herd was spawned.

Surface and cave cluster spawn attempts then go through the following steps to figure out what mob to spawn and how many:

Picks a random mob.
- If the current spawn location is in a liquid, pick a random water mob.
- If the light level is 7 or higher, there are no other blocks above the current location, and the current location is a grass block, pick a random animal mob.
- Otherwise, spawn a monster mob.
Picks a random number of mobs to spawn in the herd. Each mob can have its own min and max herd size, and the herd size can depend on difficulty and biome.
Make sure the spawn location has suitable spawn conditions.
Limit the number of mobs spawning based on the global mob cap. No mobs spawn if the mob count already meets or exceeds the mob cap.
For each mob to spawn, check that spawning it would not exceed the population control cap or mob density cap.
- If spawning the mob would not exceed the population control or mob density caps, then the probability of a mob spawning can be calculated using the formula: (mob density cap - current mob density count) / mob density cap
Finally, attempt to spawn the mob in the world.
- Spawning the mob can fail; for example, if spawning it would cause it to spawn inside of a block or part of a wall.

Structure spawning[]

Structure spawn attempts occur at specific relative X and Z coordinates in naturally generated structures, known as "hard-coded spawn spots". The structures that have hard-coded spawn spots include swamp huts, ocean monuments, pillager outposts, and nether fortresses. Whenever a successful cluster spawn attempt occurs within a chunk that contains a hard-coded spawn spot, the environmental spawning algorithm also attempts a structure spawn. (Note that a "successful attempt" here means that a spawnable block was found, even if the spawn was then blocked by light level check or mob cap check.) The structure spawn attempt follows the same rules and steps described above for cluster spawning, with the following changes:

Instead of starting at world height and searching down to bedrock at the specific X and Z location, the search begins and ends at a specific Y values determined by the type of structure. Structure spawn attempts occur only on the first spawnable block found (i.e. the highest spawnable block) within that range.
The mob picked depends on the structure: swamp huts spawn witches, ocean monuments spawn guardians, pillager outposts spawn pillagers (including patrol captains), and nether fortresses spawn skeletons, wither skeletons, blazes, and magma cubes.
The population control caps are effectively 1 higher for structure spawn attempts.

Other types of spawning[]